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  • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

    Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a condition where the stomach acid leaks into your food pipe (oesophagus) causing a burning sensation in your chest and other associated symptoms.

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  • Irritable Bowel Syndrome Irritable Bowel Syndrome

    Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a set of gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, discomfort, cramping, and bloating occurring together due to the abnormal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract (usually the large intestine).

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  • Inflammatory Bowel Disease Inflammatory Bowel Disease

    The term inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to a group of intestinal disorders that cause chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or digestive tract. Prolonged inflammation can result in the destruction or damage of the walls of the intestines, leading to the formation of sores and narrowing of the intestines.

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  • Crohn's Disease crohns-disease.jpg

    Crohn’s disease is chronic inflammation of the bowel or digestive tract. Inflammation may occur in any region of the digestive system and is different for every patient. The inflammation of the bowel tissue spreads to deeper layers causing serious complications.

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  • Indigestion Indigestion

    Indigestion also known as dyspepsia refers to gastrointestinal symptoms characterized by pain and discomfort in the upper part of the abdomen.

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  • Diarrhoea Diarrhoea

    Diarrhoea is loose, watery, frequent bowel movements resulting in the elimination of water and salts from the body and can result in dehydration. Diarrhoea can be acute or chronic.

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  • Bowel Incontinence Bowel Incontinence

    It is an inability of a person to control bowel movements resulting in leakage from the rectum. It is also called faecal incontinence. The chances of older individuals developing bowel incontinence are higher than young individuals.

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  • Unintentional Weight Loss Unintentional Weight Loss

    Weight loss normally occurs due to the burning of calories from energy expenditure or a decreased calorie intake. Unintentional weight loss is loss of weight that comes without exercise or a change in diet or routine. It can be a symptom of an illness or serious medical condition and needs to be evaluated by a medical professional.

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  • Constipation Constipation

    Constipation is a condition where stools or bowel movements become hard and difficult to expel from the body. This can result in fewer and strained bowel movements. It usually occurs when excessive water is absorbed from the stool while inside the colon. Constipation is a common condition that affects almost everyone at some time.

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  • Upper Gastrointestinal Disease Upper Gastrointestinal Disease

    The gastrointestinal tract (GI) extends from the mouth to the anus. It is divided into upper and lower GI tracts. The upper gastrointestinal tract encompasses the mouth, oesophagus, stomach and duodenum, the first part of the small intestine.

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  • Swallowing Disorders Swallowing Disorders

    Swallowing disorder, also known as dysphagia, is a difficulty in swallowing food or liquids. Swallowing is a set of coordinated muscle movements that control the mouth, the back of the throat (pharynx), and the food tube (oesophagus).

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  • Oesophageal Motility Disorder Oesophageal Motility Disorder

    Oesophageal motility refers to the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the oesophagus or food pipe to produce a wave-like motion that propels food and liquids from the mouth towards the stomach.

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  • Achalasia Achalasia

    Achalasia, also known as oesophageal achalasia, is a condition in which the oesophagus (a tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach) is unable to move the food into the stomach. A lower oesophageal sphincter is a ring of muscle fibres that surrounds the lower-most end of the oesophagus where it joins the stomach.

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  • Gastric Disease Gastric Disease

    Gastric disease refers to any disease that disrupts the normal functioning of the stomach.

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  • Gastritis Gastritis

    Gastritis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the lining of the stomach. It is of two types: acute gastritis (sudden, short-lived inflammation) and chronic (long-term inflammation of gradual onset that may last years if not treated).

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  • Gastric Ulcers Gastric Ulcers

    Gastric ulcers also known as stomach ulcers are the formation of open sores in the lining of the stomach.

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  • Peptic Ulcer Peptic Ulcer

    A peptic ulcer is an open sore that develops on the inner lining of the stomach, the upper portion of the small intestine, or the oesophagus.

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  • Gastroparesis Gastroparesis

    Gastroparesis, also known as delayed gastric emptying, is a condition in which the stomach takes longer than usual to empty food into the intestine resulting in early satiety, nausea, and other symptoms.

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  • Gallbladder Disease Gallbladder Disease

    Gallbladder disease is an umbrella term for several conditions affecting the gallbladder. Inflammation of the gallbladder wall (cholecystitis) is responsible for a majority of the gallbladder diseases. Diseases of the gallbladder include gallstones, gallbladder polyps, gallbladder cancer, and sclerosing cholangitis.

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  • Gallstones Gallstones

    Gallstones is an umbrella term for several conditions affecting the gallbladder. Inflammation of the gallbladder wall (cholecystitis) is responsible for a majority of the gallbladder diseases. Diseases of the gallbladder include gallstones, gallbladder polyps, gallbladder cancer, and sclerosing cholangitis.

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  • Liver Disease Liver Disease

    Liver disease is any disorder of the liver that impairs its normal function and can range from minor infection or scarring to serious conditions such as liver cancer. More than 100 types of liver disease have been identified.

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  • Fatty Liver Disease Fatty Liver Disease

    Fatty liver disease is a condition caused by excess fat buildup in the liver cells. It is most common in middle-aged people. Fatty liver disease is also called hepatic steatosis.

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  • Hepatitis Hepatitis

    Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver tissue. The liver is situated in the upper right portion of your abdomen and performs some of the body’s vital functions...

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  • Hepatitis A Hepatitis

    Hepatitis A is a type of infectious viral disease characterised by inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus that is typically transmitted through eating or drink something contaminated with faecal matter.

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  • Hepatitis B Hepatitis B

    Hepatitis B is a viral infection affecting the liver that is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). There are two forms of hepatitis B infection: acute and chronic. Acute hepatitis B usually lasts up to 6 months and is mainly seen in adults.

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  • Hepatitis C Hepatitis C

    Hepatitis C is an inflammation of the liver caused by a virus that is typically transmitted through contaminated blood and can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, leading to severe liver damage.

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  • Liver Masses Liver Masses

    Liver masses or lesions are a group of abnormal cells in your liver. They appear as a solid mass or nodules that can be differentiated from the normal liver tissue. The liver is one of the largest organs of the human body and is situated in the upper right portion of your abdomen.

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  • Hepatobiliary Disease Hepatobiliary Disease

    Hepatobiliary disease is any disorder of the hepatobiliary system that impairs its normal function. The disease can range from minor infection or scarring to serious conditions such as cancer. The organs of the hepatobiliary system are the liver, gallbladder and bile ducts.

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  • Pancreatobiliary Diseases Pancreatobiliary Diseases

    Pancreatobiliary diseases are disorders or abnormalities of the pancreas, bile ducts, or gallbladder. The different types of disorders that may occur in these structures include obstruction, leakage, tumours, and lesions resulting in a variety of gastrointestinal problems.

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  • Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Malignancy or Pre-Malignant Conditions Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Malignancy or Pre-Malignant Conditions

    Gastrointestinal malignancies are cancerous tumours or lesions that may arise anywhere in the gastrointestinal system which includes the stomach, oesophagus, gallbladder, liver, bile duct, colon, rectum, and anus. Pre-malignant conditions of the gastrointestinal system are characterized by abnormal lesions or cells that have a high risk of developing into gastrointestinal cancer.

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  • Liver Cancer Liver Cancer

    Cancer is the uncontrolled division of abnormal cells. Liver cancer may begin as a mass of abnormal cells called a tumour. Benign tumours remain localised and do not spread to neighbouring tissues. Malignant tumours begin to spread to nearby tissues, lymph nodes or organs, disrupting their function.

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  • Pancreatic Cancer Pancreatic Cancer

    The pancreas is a dual functioning gland of the digestive system made up of two types of cells: one produces digestive juices and the other releases hormones that help regulate blood sugar levels. The abnormal growth of pancreatic cells can lead to pancreatic cancer.

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  • Biliary Tract Cancer Biliary Tract Cancer

    Bile is a dark-green to the yellowish-brown fluid secreted by the liver. The gallbladder is a small organ nestled below the liver that stores bile. The bile duct carries bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine to facilitate fat-digestion.

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  • Polyp to Colon Cancer Progression Biliary Tract Cancer

    Colon cancer usually starts in an area of excess tissue growth in the inner lining of the colon or rectum called a polyp. Colon polyps occur in about 25% of the population over the age of 50. A small percentage of polyps may eventually progress to cancer and this usually takes several years.

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  • Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)

    Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase of bacteria in the small intestine that may be associated with abdominal pain, malnutrition, or other symptoms. In most cases, these bacteria do not normally reside in the small intestine but arrive from other parts of the gut.

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  • Eosinophilia and Eosinophil-Associated Gastrointestinal Disorders (EGIDs) Eosinophilia and Eosinophil-Associated Gastrointestinal Disorders (EGIDs)

    Eosinophilia is a chronic disorder ensuing from the extreme production of eosinophils, either in the blood or in body tissues. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that resists infections and plays a role in the body's immune response. Generally, the blood doesn't have a large number of eosinophils.

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  • Inflamed or Irritable Bowel Inflamed or Irritable Bowel

    Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are two gastrointestinal disorders that are often confused for one other because of a few common symptoms. If you experience changes in your bowel movements, such as diarrhoea or constipation, cramping, and recurrent abdominal discomfort or pain, you may be suffering from either inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome.

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  • Coeliac Disease Coeliac Disease

    Coeliac disease is a condition characterized by inflammation of the lining of the small intestine due to an autoimmune reaction (body’s immune system mistakenly attacks own healthy tissues) against gluten, a protein found in foods such as oats, wheat, rye, and barley. Intake of such foods may lead to gastrointestinal and malabsorptive problems.

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  • Diverticular Disease Diverticular Disease

    The intestine is divided into the large and small intestines. The large intestine absorbs nutrients from the food that you eat and pushes the remaining undigested waste towards the anus. High fibrous foods like fruits and vegetables soften the undigested material and help in easy movement of stools. However, low-fibre foods can produce small and hard stools that are expelled with increased strain while passing.

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  • Diverticulosis Diverticulosis

    Diverticulosis is a condition characterized by the formation of diverticula, which are tiny pouch-like structures along the lining of the digestive tract. Diverticula are commonly found in the lower portion of the large intestine.

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  • Diverticulitis Diverticulitis

    Diverticulitis is a condition characterized by the inflammation or infection of one or more diverticulum. Diverticula are tiny pouch-like structures that may be found in the intestinal wall, especially in older individuals.

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  • Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

    Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) refers to haemorrhage or bleeding that occurs in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract (the oesophagus, the stomach, or the upper segment of the small intestine) as a result of inflammation or injury.

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  • Rectal Bleeding Rectal Bleeding

    Rectal bleeding refers to the passage of blood through the anus along with the stools. The rectum is the last part of the large intestine present just above the anus. Rectal bleeding is referred to as bright red to dark maroon coloured blood passing along with stools through the anus. The amount of blood loss varies from mild traces to severe life-threatening bleeds.

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  • Prevention of Gastrointestinal Diseases Prevention of Gastrointestinal Diseases

    Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases occur due to structural and functional abnormalities of the stomach and intestine. They can range from common digestive problems such as diarrhoea, nausea and abdominal cramps to chronic disorders including Crohn’s disease, coeliac disease, acid reflux, gallstones, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), colitis or cancer.

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